House on Mango Street free essay sample

A prince and a princess unite to create the dream; however the dream is controlled by the prince that has an eye to dominate the dream of the woman. The Women who have became stronger through years still turn towards fairy tales to receive answers. They want their lives to become a fairy tale, and so women turn to depend solely on a man to save them in their lives, as how traditionally and in modern fairytales both depict for this to happen. The painting â€Å"Diego and I†(Mexican Painting) shows the dominance over the woman over a man’s eye. The third eye is in the middle of the forehead and that was all needed to dominate the life of the woman. The major feature of the society status is the dominance of a man. Sandra Cisneros is concerned with different aspects of life connecting to race, class, and genders, in House on Mango Street. We will write a custom essay sample on House on Mango Street or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Women expect to wait for the men to dominate their lives into a fairy tale of happily ever after. Men become saviors to the women, that’s makes the women dream beyond the limits they aren’t aware off. Marin, a young girl who lives to dream believes in meeting someone â€Å"who might marry you and take you to live in a big house far away† (26). Marin feels as if she was in a prison and wants to be saved by a prince: a man who will marry her and take care of her- leaving the prison and going far away. The specific detail of far away implies the freedom she gains from the trapped place she is in currently. To gain this freedom is to find a man and marry him who he will then be in charge of Marin, the fact that he is in charge of Marin’s freedom determines the authority of her life. She believes that a man won’t be the man to dominate her life but instead become the key to her freedom. Marin is the oldest in Mango Street and gives advice to the girls living in Mango Street including Esperanza, she teaches Esperanza all about working and the world, informing her also how men work â€Å"Boys to see us and for us to see them† (27). Marin gives a source of handling men having the men be there for each individual as well as to be there for them creating contact to them that something should be given to as an exchange. Having men spot the women gives open opportunities to the men to dominate because they see the women are exposed to the man and rely on them. Marin has a boyfriend back in Puerto Rico but keeps the hopes that she might have someone in America to save her from the situation she is in. Marin’s desperation to better her life leads her to manipulative action in her dealings with men. She is a beautiful lady who wants to be rescued and â€Å"is waiting for a car to stop, a star to fall, someone to change her life† (27). Marins falling star is the car that will stop and take her away, the man who will change her life. Marin has chosen to sell herself, dancing outside waiting for that car to stop outside in the night and wait for the falling star, the star that will one day appear and conquer her dream. This metaphor compares a man with a falling star to give chances to happen, taken her away she places all her hope in a dream savior that most likely doesn’t exist. Women hinge on to men rationalizing they would save them, showing the type of waiting woman. Females are usually the sensitive, hopeful, and patient ones, and it causes the loss of happiness into depression because they are waiting for that someone to bloom them into a dream. Rafaela is stunning and it’s a curse to her life. She married a man to escape the life living at home but now her husband is too protective of herself and doesn’t let her socialize. He locks her in the apartment and doesn’t even let her look out the window; he is scared she will run away with someone else because she is beautiful. When Rafaela’s husband is out playing dominoes with his friends on Tuesday nights, â€Å"Rafaela leans out the window and leans on her elbow and dreams her hair like Rapunzel† (79). Rafaela exposes herself to the outside world yet hoping she will be rescued again by another man. She wants to be rescued by another man hopping he isn’t like all other me who trao her in the â€Å"castle†. Her position determines the sadness gaze outside but in desperate needs. Rafaela murmurs through her eyes, the distance she has now of a being a child into a woman. Rafaela is a young girl and she resents being treated like a caged animal that forces her to tell the kids to buy her sweet drinks to sweeten her childhood once again. Since she never really had a childhood because that too has also been dominated by the man, she tries to revive it by bringing in sweets from drinks. However the metaphor of Rafaela dreams her hair like Rapunzel, makes her become a reinterpretation of a fairytale, who she images to be Rapunzel. Ironically, the prince is the culprit, and not the savior. However she cannot forget the promise of another man who will change Rafaela’s life, and become the prince in â€Å"Rapunzel. † She is locked in a tower of submission, her life ticking away waiting for a man, causing the women to be classified as disabled life takers. Sally is another girl who has also been caged away from her childhood and merely depends on a man to save her from her father. Her father is afraid Sally will leave him like all his other daughters and doesn’t want her to have a man besides her. She â€Å"paints her eyes like Cleopatra† (81) that determines the coverage of her bruises. Painting her eyes like Cleopatra frames the beauty of makeup to cover up what’s behind in this case the beating from her father because of fear he has that Sally would leave his side. Sally paints her eyes, so a man wouldn’t notice when she is outside of her house for a man to love her and take her away from her father so she wouldn’t paint her eyes to conceal the damage. Esperanza is a girl who has low self-esteem still very optimistic of having a house of her own the day she says she can be proud, decides to become independent on Mango Street. She knows these stories of thinking a man will revive your dream to a lifetime situation, but that’s not the case for Esperanza. Esperanza has â€Å"decided not to grow up to live like everybody else who lay their necks on the threshold waiting for the ball and chain† (88). Esperanza believe that men will trap women and make them suffer the promises they use to conquer individuals, the freedom they give women are all lies it’s a trap so women can fall for it and become their puppets. She refused to either tame herself or wait for a man. She wants to create individually by not following what women believe the easy way out-men. Even though she lives in a neighborhood where all women depend on their man to save them like fairytales, she doesn’t believe so. Esperanza believes she can be someone different and she could dominate her own life without a man, which is unordinary because women ask for support of the man. The description of herself not wanting to lay her neck on the threshold creates a symbol of her not wanting to fall to the prison the men have and she refuses to wait for the ball and chain so she cannot become the salve to the man. In general many women believe in men who can transform magically lives into paradise so women let men have control over them, believing this way they would save them from the prison they live in but await for something shoddier. Women don’t think of the possibilities that men are the opposite to the prince in the tales, however in reality women are blinded by the hope of a myth to happen. Fairytales create dreams and the rise of hope, hoping of something impossible because it isn’t what it looks like. Mamasita is a woman who lived in a country and was brought to the United States because of her husband. He â€Å"saved and saved because she was alone with the baby boy in that country† (76). Mamasita was excited to come and urged her husband to save money and bring her because she felt alone she wanted to come and become reunited with her husband. She dreamed that United States would be amazing that it would be her fairytale come true once she gets here. However, she wanted to go back home, she wanted United States wasn’t what it seemed to be in her mind, she never left her home, she would always be in her apartment and never leave especially since she didnt know English. Her husband would always say â€Å"we are home† (78) creating the lost hopes from her desperation to go back home. The man controls where the woman is going to be. He decides home indicating that he established her position; now she has to live with it. Saying we are home created a mind confusion in her perspective of her fairytale. He â€Å"had torn the only skinny thread that kept her alive† (78). This explains the hope he has taken away from her. He dominated the hope, that the women gave access to, and killed it. The skinny thread symbolized the hope of chances to go back home to her country and be happy. The thread was torn the hope was killed by her savior that kept her hope alive, but now she’s living a nightmare. Women especially dream because they believe in their hopes, but the men dominate their hopes and kill the hope to their dreams to become true. Men wait for women to call for them, to become saviors to them and lead them into their dreams, but pursing the nightmare in between. The domination of the man toward the women creates the third eye that has control over the women controlling where, when, and what she is suppose to do. Fairytales are tales that depend on men, and women have hoped to believe in these tales because they have nothing else to believe in. When believing in these tales they bring up the expectations of the dominance of a man creating their lives to ecstasy. Believing in them is something they depend on men, and believe they will fail if they are independent, example a single mom. The irony of these tales is that in life when men dominate lives of women they dominated the entrance of the fairy-tale as well. Women become trapped in the dreams that lead them to believe in a magical place found in dreaming.

Evaluation of Strengths And Weaknesses Essay Example

Evaluation of Strengths And Weaknesses Essay Example Evaluation of Strengths And Weaknesses Essay Evaluation of Strengths And Weaknesses Essay I am evaluating the strengths of my performance, in swimming. Front crawl is the fastest stroke and gives you the feeling of being powerful in the water. I know that the skill of freestyle in swimming is one of the strengths of my performance because I have had video analysis of my strokes. It shows I have good arm action when entering the water, and my breathing is efficient because I breathe bilaterally. I can see that my leg action in this stoke is very strong, this is because I practise training my legs regularly with a kick-board. The overall efficiency of the stoke is fluent because it is smooth and well practised. My body position is at water level, this is the correct technical model. Breaststroke is the slowest of the four strokes, but that does not mean it cannot be swum powerfully and at speed. I also know that breaststroke is another strength in my performance because my coach tells me I have a wide leg action this is because I have good flexibility in my hips. My body position is flat and stationary in the water, the technical model states that you must keep your body level at the surface. The overall efficiency of the stroke is smooth and fluent, I know this because my coach informs me that I dont make any rapid splashes. My arm action entering the water is fully stretched, and during the arm pull through my elbows are high at a right angle. Butterfly is a difficult stroke to swim as it needs both stamina and style, but because I train more on this stroke I find it easier. I know that butterfly is one of the best strengths in my performance because I have had feedback from my video analysis. It shows I have a good arm action and pull through the water in a keyhole shape, because I bend my elbows at the start of the pull and keep them close to the surface. I swim butterfly well because I breathe every two strokes as this will keep my body more streamlined, and the streamline position is the more effective body position, and a more efficient way to move through the water. The video also displays that I have good hard leg action, which is the dolphin-like motion of the body through the water is known as undulation. This is because I am able to keep a fluent regular kick action, going throughout the stoke all of the time, so the overall efficiency is better. A Racing start is an really important aspect to swimming because it can determine 1st and 2nd place so you need to move off the blocks quickly as possible and into the water smoothly. I use a track start dive. I feel this is an important strength of mine because my coach has gave feedback telling me, I push off the blocks with a lot of power and it looks a fluent. I am able to consistently perform this skill correctly. Also my coach shows me I have a excellent streamlined body position when entering the water, my arms are up, squeezed by my ears with one hand on top the other. Another strength of my performance are my freestyle tumble turns, I know this because I have had video analysis. It shows that I carryout a fast somersault and a twist, this is because I have a strong leg action which flips me around, also I always practise tumble turns every training session and never miss any out. My overall efficiency is good showing that this skill has been learnt well and it is a fluent. After every tumble turn I glide and streamline off the wall. The video footage shows my body position is tight and straight, every muscle is pulling in towards the centre, trying to make my body longer and thinner. This is a different strength to my performance. Also it indicates that my legs are adducted with my toes are pointed. My arms are extended, pointing to the direction of travel, my bicep muscles are behind my ears. My fingertips are stretching and reaching as far forward as possible, this follows a technical model. A) Strategies/Tactics Strengths:  Starts and turns  I know this tactic is a strength in my performance because, when I dive into the water I can determine how long I spend gliding in a streamline position under water. I know this is a good strategy because my coach informs me I have a good streamlined position. The same technique can be used for turns you can gain a lot more length streamlining under water when pushing off the wall than swimming. Also I have a fast approach (acceleration) into wall, the speed into wall effect the speed out of the wall. This is an important tactic in a race. I know this is a strength of mine because I have had video analysis of my starts and turns and I see that my turns are consistent and fluent. Negative split through middle distance swims  A negative split is when you swim a race e.g. 400m and you swim the second 200m faster than the first 200m so your building up. This is an important tactic to have in a race because your body will know when to increase the pace and then go on to win. I know that this is a strength in my performance because I have had myself timed in a 400m race doing a negative split, so I have swum the second 200m faster than the first. This shows it is a good tactic of mine. Sprint finish  When you are swimming a middle distance race e.g. 200m and you are able to have some power left to sprint the last length or 1/2 length. This is a good tactic to have because you are able to keep your last bit of energy left at the end of the race, this can promote you to win. I know that this tactic is a strength in my performance because I have had video footage showing that in various races, I have used a sprint finish and gone on to win the race.

Birmingham Essays - Birmingham, Ladywood, Edgbaston, Smethwick

Birmingham Essays - Birmingham, Ladywood, Edgbaston, Smethwick Birmingham is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands of England. It is the most populous British city outside London. Birmingham is home to five universities: the University of Birmingham, Aston University, Birmingham City University, University College Birmingham and Newman University Birmingham is an important centre for religious education. Birmingham Metropolitan College is one of the largest further education colleges in the country,[213] with fourteen campuses spread across Birmingham. Birmingham has 571 parks. One of Birmingham's most popular parks is Cannon Hill Park consisting of formal, conservation, woodland and sports areas. Recreational activities at the park include boating, fishing, tennis, putting and picnic areas. The largest of the parks is Sutton Park making it the largest urban nature reserve in Europe. Birmingham Botanical Gardens are a Victorian creation, with a conservatory and bandstand, close to the city centre. The Winterbourne Botanic Garden, maintained by the University of Birmingham, is also located close to the city centre. The city centre includes of numerous public squares among them are Centenary Square, Chamberlain Square and Victoria Square. The historic Old Square is located on Corporation Street. Rotunda Square and St Martin's Square are two of the newest squares in Birmingham. The Library of Birmingham is the new home for the largest municipal library in Europe. The former Birmingham Central Library, opened in 1972, was considered to be the largest municipal library in Europe. Healthcare The Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Edgbaston houses the largest critical care unit in Europe. There are several major National Health Service hospitals in Birmingham. The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, adjacent to the Birmingham Medical School in Edgbaston, houses the largest critical care unit in Europe,and is also the home of the Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, treating military personnel injured in conflict zones. Museums and galleries Birmingham has two major public art collections Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery. The council also owns other museums in the city such as Aston Hall, Blakesley Hall, the Museum of the Jewellery Quarter, Soho House and Sarehole Mill. The Birmingham Back to Backs are the last surviving court of back-to-back houses in the city. Cadbury World is a museum showing visitors the stages and steps of chocolate production and the history of chocolate and the company. Thinktank is Birmingham's main science museum, with a giant screen cinema, a planetarium and a collection that includes the Smethwick Engine, the world's oldest working steam engine.

What You Need to Know About Gables

What You Need to Know About Gables A gable is the triangular wall formed by a sloping roof. The roof is not the gable - the wall is the gable down to the roof line, but you generally need a gable roof to have a gable. Its common to name the triangular area made from a gambrel roof a gable, as well. Some definitions even include the end edges of the roof as part of the gable. When discussing gables with your architect or contractor, dont be shy about asking what their definition is. For example, some people call the gable wall as the wall on the gable side right down to the foundation. Others rightly call the gable wall as that part of the siding between the slopes of the roof. In general, the distinguishing feature of the gable is its triangular shape. Origins of the Word Gable Pronouned GAY-bull, the word gable may be derived from the Greek word kephalÄ“ meaning head. Gabel, the German word for a tined fork, seems to be a closer and more recent match to todays definition. One can imagine the impromptu construction projects at the German dining table using utensils to create primitive hut types of buildings - balancing forks, intertwined tines, into tent-like constructions. More Definitions of Gable the triangular portion of a wall defined by the sloping edges of the roof and a horizontal line between the eave line. Can also be a gabled dormer. - John Milnes Baker, AIA 1. The vertical triangular portion of the end of a building having a double-sloping roof, from the level of the cornice or eaves to the ridge of the roof. 2. A similar end when not triangular in shape, as of a gambrel roof or the like. - Dictionary of Architecture and Construction Types of Gables A building with a gable roof may be front-gabled, side-gabled, or cross-gabled. Like the illustration shown here, cross-gabled buildings have gables both on the front and on the side, created by a valley roof. Porches and dormers may be gabled. Gable dormers are actually specialized windows - or windows in gables. A pediment is a specific type of classical gable, less functionally dependent on the roof and more structurally useful atop a series of columns or as decoration above a door or window. Gables can extend above the roof line in fanciful designs or, more often, in parapets. The corbiestep is a parapet that can exaggerate the gable. Photos of gables show the varieties that can be found around the world. Different architectural styles, sizes, and decoration make this primitive architectural element come to life throughout the ages. The side gable is typical of Cape Cod style homes, and the front gable is common in many bungalows. Front and side gables are generally part of the Minimal Traditional style post-Depression homes from the mid-20th century. Katrina Cottages and the Katrina Kernel Cottage II are traditionally front-gabled. High-pitched gables are characteristic of Tudor style homes. Look for architectural details that often define a house style. The 1668 Turner-Ingersoll mansion in Salem, Massachusetts may be the most famous gabled house of all - the setting of Nathaniel Hawthornes 1851 novel The House of the Seven Gables. The Most Famous Gabled House Has Character How often have we driven by a house with two large front gables and felt that the eyes of the home, with raised brows, were inspecting our every move? The American author Nathaniel Hawthorne created such a character in his 19th century novel The House of the Seven Gables. The aspect of the venerable mansion has always affected me like a human countenance, says the books narrator in Chapter 1.  Like a human face? The deep projection of the second story gave the house such a meditative look, that you could not pass it without the idea that it had secrets to keep, and an eventful history to moralize upon. - Chapter 1 Hawthornes book makes us pause at these questions: What gives character to a home - and what architectural details make your home a character? It could be the gables. The house gables in Hawthornes 1851 book seem to interact with the other characters: But, as the sunlight left the peaks of the Seven Gables, so did the excitement fade out of Cliffords eyes. - Chapter 10 There was a vertical sundial on the front gable; and as the carpenter passed beneath it, he looked up and noted the hour. - Chapter 13 Nathaniel Hawthorne skillfully describes the gabled house as a living, breathing entity. The house, with all its gables, not only has character but also is a character in the novel. It breathes and is warmed by its burning (fireplace) heart: The house itself shivered, from every attic of its seven gables down to the great kitchen fireplace, which served all the better as an emblem of the mansions heart, because, though built for warmth, it was now so comfortless and empty. - Chapter 15 The human qualities of Hawthornes house create a haunting image. The gabled dwelling becomes the haunted house of New England storytelling. Can a house style or architectural detail get a reputation - like a person can get a reputation from behaviors? The American author Nathaniel Hawthorne suggests that it can. Nathaniel Hawthornes inspiration for the setting of his famous 1851 novel seems to be his cousins house in Salem, Massachusetts. What we know as The House of the Seven Gables was originally built in 1668 by a sea captain named John Turner. Sources American House Styles: A Concise Guide by John Milnes Baker, AIA, Norton, 1994, p. 173Dictionary of Architecture and Construction, Cyril M. Harris, ed., McGraw-Hill, 1975, p. 223

The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks by Rebecca Skloot Assignment

The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks by Rebecca Skloot - Assignment Example As such, they use both the patients and samples from her to carry out tests with the view to making discoveries. Howard W. Jones, the doctor who treated Lacks for the first time at Johns Hopkins Hospital handed over the cells to Gey and forgot about the case. The next time he returns to Lacks’ case is after her death when the hospital carries out a partial autopsy (Skloot, 2011). The did this to understand the behavior of the cells thereby considering her lifeless body as a piece of specimen that would help advance the scientific research. Patents are exclusive rights that a state gives to an individual for a discovery. As such, the individual gains financial benefits from disclosing the information about the discovery for a period. The above definition of patents shows that the rights protect inventions. The definition, therefore, makes the ownership of genetic material controversial since no human can invent genetic materials. The fact that there exist trillions of copies of every gene coupled with the fact that genes lack the quality of inventiveness makes it ridiculous to try and patent such. I, therefore, believe that patenting of genetic materials is wrong. Most people strive to patent such in order to maximize profitability (Moore, 2005). While such is the case, increase in patenting such information would lead to increased secrecy in scientific researches. Researchers should make genetic information public in order to enhance scientific research. This may help improve the quality of life in the society. In the health facility I work for, initiating a patient related research is a systematic process that begins with informing the patient. The doctors explain to the patients the nature of their ailment and explain the importance of the researches. After that, the doctors seek the patient’s permission to take samples of their specimen. After giving a consent to the research process, the doctors initiates the

CAAP#5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CAAP#5 - Essay Example Scholars often question whether -since making money in order to survive amid the adversaries of life is the primary goal of a prostitute- prostitution would exist, if there is any other way left for them to make money. Presumably the instant response to this question is ‘no’, because selling one’s body to make money appears to be the last resort for a woman who is incapable of any decent job. Since the main problem of illegal prostitution is not the prostitution itself, legalization of prostitutions is supposed to help the reduction prostitution related crimes and delinquencies as the sex-trafficking along the border. Also in order to reduce the sex-trafficking, while legalizing prostitution, the government will have to grant legal import of the product of sexual consumption namely prostitutes, if the US society fails to provide enough supply of prostitutes to the local sex-market. This condition necessarily infers that even if prostitution is legalized, the probl ems will go on to exist. Moreover, legalization of prostitution may, on one hand, preserve the rights of the immigrant prostitutes, but it will violate the rights of the majority of women who are not prostitutes, unless those women are mentally prepared to share their male counterpart’s love and, if not love, sex. If it is granted that married males are legally prohibited to go to the brothels, the question that arises here is whether the US law enforcement agencies would be massive enough to impose the surveillance effectively. To a limited extent, legalization of prostitution would solve some particular problems but in return it will bring more problems that will be far beyond any solution. The primary goal of the CIR funded resource centers is to blur the socio-cultural lines of racial segregation and meanwhile provides the members with scopes to know each other by practical interactions between immigrants and the native born. From such steps of the governments, the whole society

Topic paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Topic paper - Essay Example Its reputation as a source of positive feelings is a motivator for people to come together to attempt a relationship as a couple. The concept of romance is inherently fascinating as it touches on various aspects of human development and psychology. Being so, numerous studies have been undertaken to demystify and understand this phenomenon. This exploratory study shall attempt to answer relatively basic and then and more complex questions pertaining to the dynamics of human romantic relationships, specifically that of heterosexual relationships – how it begins; its effects on the romantic couple; how the involved individuals perceive themselves and their partners and how romance is sustained. Scientific studies of people who are in love show that apart from the emotional responses, there are physiological effects of romance. Fisher (2004) devoted much of her career to studying the biochemical pathways of love in all its manifestations: lust, romance, attachment and the way they wax and wane. Likewise, Marazziti researched on the hormonal effects of the emotions romantic love produces. Levine, Aune & Park (2006) studied love styles, communication in romantic relationships and individuals’ preferences for romantic partners. They also researched on how romance is initiated and what people do to intensify the romantic relationship. Romance also affects one’s self-esteem, as studied by Green, Campbell & Davis (2007). These researchers indicate that when an individual is in love and knows that he is loved back by his partner, his self esteem becomes inflated. On the other hand, when the object of his affection rejects his love, then his self-esteem suffers much. Many more studies on how romance is developed and sustained are available in the literature that will be reviewed for this paper. This study will cover a wide spectrum of subject matter related to romance. It will investigate the topic holistically to

UK Financial Services - Case Study on Borrowing Coursework

UK Financial Services - Case Study on Borrowing - Coursework Example Santander UK is an independent division that manages its own operations with a local management team. The bank has its headquarters in London and was opened in 2011. Santander’s 123 product range was ranked as the third best banking service in UK in 2013. During the same year, customers ranked the bank as the best financial service provider in UK in terms of customer satisfaction. The Nationwide BS is also an alternative and is a British financial organization ranked as the largest building society in the world. Although the institution specializes in mortgage loans and savings, it also provides services such as credit cards, bank accounts as well as insurance services. In February 2014, the company’s credit rating stood at A2 according to Moody and A with Fitch Ratings (Wachter, Cho & Tcha 2014, p.46). Santander UK offers The 123 Credit Card that allows customers to use the credit card along other loyalty cards. Additionally, the card allows users to cashback faster with up to three family members who reside near the client’s address. Similarly, the card is contactless and its users can make purchases wherever they come across the contactless symbol. When a customer pays his or her balance in full and on time at the end of each month, the service provides them with up to 56 days during which they can make interest free purchases (Rezaee 2011, p.124). The Capital One Aspire Elite credit card accommodates users who earn more than  £50,000 per annum. The card gives a 5% cashback on all purchases done within the first 99 days of opening the account. However, this cashback is limited to a maximum of  £200. After the above period, users earn 1% cashback for all successive purchases up to a total of  £15,000 that increases to 2% for purchases ranging from  £15,000 to  £50,000. Additionally, a 1.35% cashback is given to users who spend more than  £50,000 per annum. However, these rates are

European Single Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

European Single Market - Essay Example The first two treaties are the ‘Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)’ (Moens & Trone, 2010, p.2). Article 54 of the 2010 Official Journal of European Union requires that commercial firms be treated as natural persons who are citizens of the Member States. The challenges faced The need for the states to come together and surrender part of the sovereignty was initiated by that urge to have some strong decision-making body that could collectively empower the member states (Barnard & Scotts, 2002, p.136). The union has bodies charged with enacting certain policies that are common to the member states and ensure that the policies are followed accurately. Some of these policies regulate the trade in the area. It thus serves to protect the member states against any irregularities and this explains why our country had to be a member. The policies enacted by the governing bodies of the union regulate our operation as a comp any that trades in the region. Zandia is a sovereign state found in Eastern Europe and is a member of the European Union. Our trade operations in the area thus fall under the policies of the European Union. However, the government of Zandia has imposed certain restrictions to our trade in the country, some of which are not conforming to the laid treaties. One challenge that we have experienced is that, there is a charge levied on the importation of film for production purposes. The net earning from such charges is aimed at supporting the actors in the country who are jobless. This is contrary to the provisions of the EU treaty in several ways. Chapter 2 of Title VII of the 2010 Official Journal of European Union clearly explains the terms under which the Member States can impose taxes on both imported and exported goods within their borders. In particular, article 110 of the chapter states that ‘no member state shall impose, directly or indirectly, on the products of other mem ber states any internal taxation of any kind in excess of that imposed directly or indirectly on similar domestic products’. The article further asserts that no such taxes are supposed to be levied on imported commodities to serve the interest of the domestic producers. This creates a competitive disadvantage on our side. While it is the role of the union to promote the economic development in areas with low standards of leaving and serious underemployments, article requires that such an aid by the State should not distort competition by favoring others. Besides, the unemployment witnessed in Zandia among the actors is not a serious one to obtain the assistance from the state resources. Secondly, there is a charge for inspecting imported DVDs standards for quality under a mandatory EU scheme. This is also not conforming to the provisions in the above Chapter 2 concerning charges levied on goods within the internal market. Article 112 in this chapter requires that any charge t hat can be imposed on any imported or exported products within the member states shall be approved only by the European Council in conjunction with the Commission. The article 112 states that: â€Å"In the case of charges other than turnover taxes, excise duties and other forms of indirect taxation, remissions and repayments in respects to other Member States may not be granted and countervailing charges in respects to imports from Member States may

Jamie Oliver’s language Essay Example for Free

Jamie Oliver’s language Essay In this essay I am going to be talking about the different aspects of Jamie Oliver’s language and how he adapts and uses these language features in his TED speech.Jamie Oliver successfully uses many language devices in order to help him communicate with his audience. I will be looking at Oliver’s and examining how effective it is and also some features of spontaneous speech, which are shown in the speech.Firstly, I am going to look at Jamie Oliver’s planned and prepared language that he uses. Oliver has obviously taken time to adapt his lexis to suit his American audience.Phrases such as â€Å"health care bills† and â€Å"dollars† are some examples of this. Using these Americanisms would ensure that his audience understands the full message that he is trying to put across to them. If he used phrases such as â€Å"pounds† it would weaken the emphasis he is making he could not have full communication with his audience, as they would struggle to understand the extent of his message. Next, there is a strong display of socialect and idiolect in Jamie Oliver’s spontaneous speech. This shows that even though he has adapted some of his lexis and thought about what he is going to say, he often switches to spontaneous speech and his socialect and idiolect come through. An example of this is â€Å" aint†. As this is a very-English word, it shows that this would be part of Oliver’s spontaneous speech. However it may also have been planned as it shows that even though he is trying to adapt to suit his audience he may have used â€Å"ain’t† to keep his identity and also make his speech more engaging.Pauses are a common prosodic feature in Jamie Oliver’s speech. Often used subconsciously, they are slight breaks in speech that can be used in spontaneous speech for the speaker to think about what they are going to say next, but also can be planned in order to add effect. An example of are long pause is â€Å"let’s be honest guys,(0.5) you aint got that cash.† This is a clear example of using pauses to add effect. Its hows that Oliver is passionate about the subject he is talking about and adding as light humourous edge to his talk.All these are features that Jamie Oliver uses in his speech, whether it be spontaneous or planned. Each one has a specific effect and adds to his speech. Altogether I have found that these features are integral to the success of his speech and enhance the message he is bringing to his audience.

Exosome as Nanoscale Vesicles | Pancreatic Cancer Research

Exosome as Nanoscale Vesicles | Pancreatic Cancer Research Abstract Exosome are nanoscale vesicles that are released from cancer cells, playing an important role in the microenvironment of cancerous tumour cells.6,8 The exosomal vesicles (EV) contribute to the progression and growth of the tumour, and can be targeted using gold nanoparticles (GNP).1,6,7 The exosomes are isolated from the blood plasma, and with their stability in bodily fluids, they can be targeted and inhibited using GNP.   The GNP will inhibit the cancer cell, and will stop tumour growth and production.   Using proteomic and quantitative methods, the exosome EphA2, showed the highest detection of specificity and sensitivity in pancreatic cancer patients.1,2,4,8 Further tests confirmed that EphA2-EV has potential in early detection for pancreatic cancer, due to the levels specificity and sensitivity being higher in comparison to pancreatitis patients and the control patients.1 Keywords: Biomarkers, Exosome, Pancreatic cancer, Nanoparticle, Proteomics, Vesicles, Plasma, Antibody Introduction Pancreatic cancer, is vastly terminal, with a survival rate of less than 5%.   Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), is the most common form of exocrine pancreatic cancer, accounting for around 95% of pancreatic cancer cases.10 PDAC is a silent cancer, and with the lack of testing, the need for novel biomarkers to aid in early detection is imperative.   With no valid early detection methods, and no symptoms of early stage PDAC, the cancer will progress rapidly throughout the body before it is detected.   There is need to find a biomarker, aiding in the early detection PDAC, so that a treatment can be provided to stop the cancer from progressing.   The current tumour biomarker, CA19-9, is not reliable in early detection due to falsely elevated results of diseases other than PDAC.10 Recent studies suggest that exosomes, a nanovesicle, has a high potential as the future biomarker of PDAC, due to the stability and detection sensitivity in human blood plasma.1,2,4,8 Malicious exosomes, are veiled by cancer cells, screening the importance in tumour maturation and progression.7 Studies show how to optimize a method, to isolate exosomes from the blood plasma, to further assist in biomarker discovery.   In regards to analysing exosomes as a potential biomarker, exosomes need to purified and isolated with differential centrifugation paired with ultracentrifugation (UC).   Another technique used, is affinity purification of the exosomal membrane antigens using density gradient (DG) centrifugation, separating the vesicles based on their density.8 A practise needs to be conducted, to purify exosomes, from only a small volume of blood plasma. With studies being conducted on the stability in fluids of circulating exosomes, it can be confirmed that these nanovesicles have the ability of targeting to uptake to hinder or delay tumour development.   With the size of the exosomes ranging from 40 100 nm, they are distinguished for tumour microenvironment.   Exosomes, a potential biomarker, for the early detection of PDAC, are also being studied as potential nanocarriers to target cancer cells and delaying tumour growth.1,7,8 The most common nanocarrier being studied is the gold nanoparticle (GNP), due to its imaging, diagnostics, and therapy abilities.   The GNP can be easily synthesized via the citrate reduction, which is why is has potential in medical theranostics.7 Extracellular vesicles (EV), are secreted into extracellular space, they are involved in tumour initiation, progression as well as metastasis.   EVs can be used as non-invasive biomarkers, but the current studied methods are time consuming in regards to EV isolation.1,7,8 The EV membrane markers which are part of the tetraspanin family, are CD9, CD63, and CD81, respectively, and an assay demonstrates similar features.6 A nanoparticle EV assay, will be captured by an EV-specific antibody with the dual binding of EV, using 2 nanoparticle probes.   The 2 nanoparticle probes, will produce a plasmon, promoting an increase in sensitivity and specificity for the discovery of an exosomal biomarker.   Ephrin type A receptor 2 (EphA2), has recently been identified as a biomarker, of the tumour derived pancreatic cell line, and enriched on EV.1   EphA2, shows overexpression, increases in vitro invasiveness and anoikis resistance in pancreatic cancer cell lines.1 A recent study has been conducted with healthy control patients, pancreatitis patients as well as pancreatic cancer patients, with the use of nanoplasmon-enhanced scattering (nPES) assay a fast, sensitive, and specific method in biomarker detection. Convention Tumour Markers in Pancreatic Cancer Carcinoembryonic Antigen CEA CEA, is a glycoprotein, that is measured in a common blood test used for testing patients with cancer, including pancreatic cancer.   This will measure the amount of the CEA protein that is in the blood of a patient who may have cancer, and the CEA levels can be used to determine whether treatment is working or if the cancer is spreading.   A CEA level of 5 ng/mL, is considered a normal level of this protein, but there are several conditions that can alter the levels of the CEA in your blood, which is why this is not a valid biomarker in the detection of pancreatic cancer.5 CEA testing can be useful in regards to recurrent colon cancer as well seeing if treatment is successful.   Levels of CEA can be elevated due to smoking, as well as in other diseases such as Crohns disease.   Due to the unreliability of CEA levels in cancer, this blood test confirms that CEA is not a consistent biomarker for the early detection of pancreatic cancer. CEA is expected to be paired with other biomarkers, for early detection reasons.   When paired with CA19-9, there is an increase in detection for sensitivity and specificity, showing an improvement in diseases including pancreatitis as well as pancreatic pseudocyst.   Despite the improved results for pancreatic diseases, CEA is still not valid for the detection of pancreatic cancer, even when it is paired with another marker such as CA19-9.5 Carbohydrate Antigen CA19-9 Carbohydrate antigen (CA19-9) was discovered in 1981, and is considered a sialyl lewis a (sLea).9 CA19-9 is found on the surface cancer cell, expressed as a glycolipid and an O linked glycoprotein, and is related to the Lewis blood group antigens.3   Patients with Le (alpha beta +) or Le (alpha + beta -) blood group, express levels of CA19-9 in their blood, whereas approximately 5 10% of patients with Le (alpha beta -) blood group do not express CA19-9, limiting the use as a valid biomarker.9 Due to the low, and uncertain sensitivity of CA19-9, it is a poor interpreter of PDAC, therefore it is not a valued biomarker. CA19-9 is unable to differentiate between benign, precursor lesions and malignant conditions in PDAC patients, and it gives elevated results in many other gastrointestinal cancers.3   This blood test can show elevated CA19-9 levels in patients with other non-cancer diseases including pancreatitis and cirrhosis.3,9 The CA19-9 blood test can be beneficial in regards to knowing if a pancreatic tumour is secreting it, and to judge the efficiency of treatment, and look for pancreatic cancer recurrence.   A healthy patient will have a CA19-9 level of 0 37 U/mL, therefore with increasing levels of CA19-9, this could indicate tumour growth.3 For more accurate results, a PDAC marker needs to be discovered and paired with CA19-9, to increase the sensitivity and specificity in early detection.   With CA19-9 as the only marker, studies show it was only elevated in 50 75% of patients having PDAC, confirming that is not consistent as a biomarker and should not be used in diagnostic testing.3,9 Expressing elevated levels in other diseases such as benign jaundice, pancreatitis, and ovarian cancer, confirms the lack of consistency using the CA19-9 marker and that it cannot be used as an accurate indication of early pancreatic cancer detection.3 Emerging Biomarkers With the absence of reliability using the current PDAC biomarker, C19-9, it is a necessity to discover a biomarker with improved sensitivity as well specificity for the early detection of PDAC.   Recent studies suggest, that exosomes can be detected in body fluid such as blood, and they have potential as disease biomarkers.   Exosomes, found in blood plasma, need to be collected from healthy patients to obtain individual and pooled samples.   The collected blood plasma, will need to be separated, by centrifugation, to isolate the exosomes for further proteomic and quantitative studies.8 Isolation Methods Isolation of exosomes using the UC method, involves normal human plasma, and diluting it with PBS.   The sample will be differentially centrifuged, to eradicate cell debris, which is followed by UC.   The subsequent pellet, is washed in PBS, and filtered, and the filtrate was ultracentrifuged.   The resulting exosomal pellet, used for the study, will be resuspended in PBS.8 Using the EI isolation method, the plasma, is diluted in PBS and centrifuged.   The supernant is filtered, and the filtrate will be incubated using a blocking agent.   A microcolumn was placed in magnetic separators, where the column was rinsed with rinsing solution.   Beads were bound to the exosome, and were applied to the magnetic column.   The column will be washed with rinsing solution, and the immune captured exosomes were recovered by removing them from the column and placing them in a collection tube.   The exosome bound microbeads are washed to elute the exosomes, and centrifuged to obtain the exosomal pellet.   The exosomal pellet will be resuspended in PBS.8 Lastly, isolation using DG method, involved the exosomal pellet that was obtained from UC as well as normal blood plasma that was layered on iodixanol solution and centrifuged.   To the top of the tube, there were 12 fractions, with increasing densities.   The fractions are diluted with PBS and centrifuged, the resulting pellet was washed with PBS, centrifuged and resuspended in PBS.8 Western Blot and Microscopic Analyses The western blot method, shows the enrichment of the exosomal marker proteins.   Gel electrophoresis is used to separate and identify the different proteins.   The thickness of the band, indicates the amount of the protein that is present.   There is a labelled antibody, that is bound to the protein of interest.   AFM is used, to get a 3D image of the exosomal vesicle. Recent studies confirma that the exosomal markers CD9 and CD63 are enriched in exosomes purified using UC and EI methods.8 The study indicates that the UC method, had four exosomal markers whereas the EI method had only two exosomal markers, CD9 and CD63.   Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), were used on the isolated exomes, from the three exosomal isolation techniques.   In the DG sample, the TEM reported homogeneous vesicle, with diameter ranging from 40 100 nm, confirming the characteristics of exosomes.   The AFM produced a 3D image of the exosome, and after further analysis it was revealed that the exosomes had round membranous vesicle characteristics. LC-MS/MS Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), is a quantitative method used for the identification of proteins at the peptide level.   The first quadrupole is for the selection of the precursor and the second quadrupole is highly specific for detection.   In comparison to gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), LC-MS/MS is not limited to volatile substances, it is better for the detection of molecules.   LC-MS/MS can produce many quantitative results, and has a high specificity and sensitivity. The study was carried out, using an LTQ Orbitrap Velos with a nanoelectrospray interface coupled to an Ultimate 3000 RSLC nanosystem and the LTQ Orbitrap Velos mass spectrometer operates using a nano -ESI spray.   The LC-MS/MS spectra are searched against the human protein database using MASCOT.   Equal amounts of protein from the three exosomal samples were separated, reduced, alkylated and digested with trypsin.   The DG sample had the highest number of protein identifications, followed by the UC isolation method.   Therefore, the western blotting, microscopy and MS results confirm that the DG isolation method is the most effective, in regards to isolating exosomes from blood plasma.8 Targeting with Gold Nanoparticles Malicious Exosomes The exosomes are formed from endosomal pathways, after they are fused from multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with plasma membrane.   The formation of malicious exosomes, also starts in the endosomal pathway.   The early exosome is formed from the migration from the cell periphery to the nucleus, by the formation of intraluminal vesicles (ILV).   The process interceded by exosomal complexes required for transport (ESCRT) and other proteins.   Late exosomes/ MVB, migrate to the periphery and fuse with the membrane, releasing the ILV, which are called exosomes.   The proteins, Rab GTPases, mediate the endosome migration.7 The malicious exosomes, are released from cancer cells found in the tumour microenvironment.   Exosomes play a role in variation and shaping of that tumour microenvironment.1,2,4,6,8 Malicious exosomes have potential as biomarkers, due to their stability in biological fluids including blood plasma.   There have been increased levels of circulating exosomes seen in several cancers including pancreatic cancer.1,6,7,8 Nanovesicles can be used to carry therapeutics, and have potential to limit cancer progression.1,7 The method consists of inhibiting the malicious exosomes biogenesis. Gold Nanoparticles The GNPs can be easily synthesised, as well they consist of a variety of shapes and sizes.   These nanoparticles exhibit intense light absorption and scattering, and they are deemed to be highly stable.1,7   They have potential in targeting, therapeutics as well as diagnostic capabilities. Regarding rapid tumour growth, a compressed lymphatic vessel will collapse causing lymph drainage, which will then allow for the nanosized molecule to be taken at the tumour site.7 This process will allow for passive targeting with nanosized molecules.   The cellular interest will be dependent upon the size and shape of the GNP.1,7 The tumour cells will overexpress their cell number receptors, which can be used for potential biomarkers.1,2,4,6,7,8 These cell surface receptors, will aid in the direction of the GNP to the tumour cells. Gold Nanoparticle Targeting The GNP will target malicious exosomes, by undertaking the malicious exosomes biogenesis with GNP specific targeting moieties as well as silencing moieties.7   Using antibodies to aim at the exosome for capture and selective retention.   Lateral flow immunoassay, will aid in exosome detection with CD9 and CD81 as antibodies, and CD63 with GNP.1,7 Therefore, GNP are being studied as a potential candidate for cancer therapy as well as for malicious exosome targeting.   The use of nanotheranostics to help quantify and inhibit the malicious exosomes. Sample Collection and Processing This recent study, developed a method for the purification of exosomes in blood plasma, as well as finding the EV concentrations in the plasma samples.   A three-probe EV capture was used, with a capture antibody that recognizes an EV membrane protein (anti-CD81), with antibody conjugated AuS and AuR to serve as two EV probes.   This EV capture was designed to form a plasmon, with the different GNP binding on an EV to improve sensitivity and specificity of EV detection.1   The study examined 59 pancreatic cancer patients, 48 pancreatitis patients, and 48 control patients, to see if early pancreatic cancer stage could be distinguished from pancreatitis patients and the control patients.1 Method The EV isolation consisted of cells grown in culture media, and washed with PBS.   The culture supernatants were collected and centrifuged to pellet cells, and centrifuged again to remove cell debris.   Concentrated with centrifugal filtering units, and centrifuged, the precipitates were collected and resuspended in PBS and centrifuged.   The resulting precipitates were collected and dissolved in PBS.   The ELISA assay, consisted of ninety-six well plates, which were incubated with antibody CD81.   The ELISA assay was analysed for absorbance, and the standard curve plotted the light absorbance versus the log10 EV standard concentration in pg/uL.1 The peptides were separated using Ultimate 3000 nano-LC, with an enrichment column as well as an analytical column.   The peptide fractions were analysed with Velos Dual-Pressure Linear Ion Trap mass spectrometer, and one MS scan, was followed by eight MS/MS scans. The nPES platform was constructed by filling sample wells with plasma sample or cell culture EV samples, followed by incubation and being washed three times with PBST and three times with PBS.   The sample wells were then filled with AuS and AuR PBST solution, and were incubated and washed three times each with PBST and PBS, respectively.   The sample wells were fitted with a cover slip and dark-field microscopy (DFM) was used for imaging.   The DFM images, that had image areas with brightness equal to 225 were selected, and the ratio of the image area to the whole image gave area ratios that were indicative to the nPES EV signal.1 A standard concentration curve was generated with a linear regression of nPES area ratio with log10 concentrations.1 SEM images analysed the images of GNP binding to EV, from EVs that were purified from human plasma.   The purified EVs were hybridized with anti-CD63-AuS and anti-CD9-AuR.   The SEM fields were analysed to calculate the total EVs, as well as the number of GNP-bound EVs per um2 of each assay. Proteomics and the Early Detection of PC An nPES was previously designed, for EV detection using GNP, that can scatter light at different wavelengths indicative to their shape and size.   Using both gold nanospheres (AuS) as well as gold nanorods (AuR), a plasmon is formed, increasing the scattering intensity.   With the plasmon, antibodies against CD9, CD81, and CD63 can capture and detect EV in a sample.1,7   AuS and AuR are detectable using dark field microscopy (DFM), and will form the complexes AuS-EV-AuR, AuS-EV and AuR-EV.   These complexes can be analysed using scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), examining the binding and distribution.   Following the pure preparation of EV samples, EV plasma was added to give the EV plasma standard.   The anti CD81 was incubated with the standard and two antibodies conjugated GNPs, AuS-Anti-CD63 and AuR-Anti-CD9, which exhibited ratios >0.35%.   A comparison was done with nPES and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), of the sensitivity and linearity of thei r EV values.   The nPES assays showed to be highly sensitive, requiring less plasma as well has exhibiting more advantages over ELISA in regards to measuring EV concentrations.1 Since CA19-9 is the only accepted pancreatic cancer marker that is not valid, pancreatic cancer derived EV marker is a more feasible biomarker due to the multiple factors that the pancreatic cancer cells express.   The nPES assay will quantitate tumour derived EV from blood samples, and one of the two EV specific GNP were replaced with one specific for the membrane protein.   LC-MS/MS proteomics, bioinformatics is used to identify trans-membrane proteins on EV PC (PANC-1 and MIAPaCa-2) and PDAC (BxPC-3).1 There were 128 membrane proteins identified, and 26 were expressed on EV.   The EphA2 showed the highest expression and is associated with cancer progression, metastasis, and prognosis.   The EphA2, was also not expressed by EV in HPNE. EphA2 was chosen as the potential marker, and CD81 and CD9 were chosen for EV capture.   The nPES was modified, using one capture antibody (anti-CD81) and two antibody-conjugated GNP probes (anti-EphA2-AuS and anti-CD9-AuR).1 The plasma EphA2-EV levels were higher in pancreatic cancer patients, in comparison to pancreatitis patients and the normal control (NC).   With the strong association between the circulating EphA2-EV and early stage pancreatic cancer, there is potential for EphA2-EV to be used as an early detection marker.1   The CA19-9 levels were increased in the pancreatic cancer patients in comparison to the pancreatitis patients and the NC, but the levels were not increased in the early stages of PC.   The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, showed that the plasma EphA2-EV levels are promising in the classification of pancreatic cancer stages. The current EV analysis methods are tedious and lengthy for the isolation procedures, as will having volume requirements.   The nPES platform that has been studied, assimilates EV capture and detection with the use of the plasmon coupling effect, to have an increase in both detection sensitivity and specificity in small volume samples and fast sensitive biomarker quantification.   This EV nPES platform, can be generalizable for any disease state that has a specific EV marker.1  Ã‚   The nPES EphA2-EV blood assay shows substantial value regarding pancreatic cancer screening tests, due to being a rapid, accurate and non-invasive blood test for the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Conclusions This review article explains the need to find a valid biomarker in the early detection of pancreatic cancer, as well as discussing how exosomes have potential to be that marker in the early detection process.1,2,4,6,7,8   The existing biomarkers for pancreatic cancer, are not valid markers in the early detection due to the lack of sensitivity and specificity that they exhibit when differentiating between benign and malignant stages.   The use of exosomes for the early detection of pancreatic cancer, shows potential as a biomarker, with the use of nPES platform.1 The platform allows for EV capture using plasmon coupling, which increases in detection sensitivity and specificity, which allows for the discovery of an ultrasensitive biomarker.   The nPES EphA2-EV assay could differentiate between pancreatic cancer patients (stage I and II) and pancreatitis and NC patients.1 The role of EphA2-EV, could help to improve early detection rates as well as improving patient outcome, and th is blood test is inexpensive, accurate and non-invasive.   This review involved proteomic and quantitative methods, to find a novel biomarker for the early detection of pancreatic cancer, and non-invasive nPES EphA2-EV analysis can aid in improving early pancreatic cancer detection and treatment. References Liang, K.; Liu, F.; Fan, J.; Sun, D.; Liu, C.; Lyon, C. J.; Bernard, D. W.; Li, Y.; Yokoi, K.; Katz, M. H.; Koay, E. J.; Zhao, Z.; Hu, Y. Nature Biomedical Engineering 2017, 1 (0021). Duxbury, M. S.; Ito, H.; Zinner, M. J.; Ashley, S. W.; Whang, E. E. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2004, 320 (4), 1096-1102. Jazieh, K. A.; Foote, M. B.; Diaz, L. A. Seminars in Radiation Oncology 2014, 24 (2), 67-76. Ansuini, H.; Meola, A.; Gunes, Z.; Paradisi, V.; Pezzanera, M.; Acali, S.; Santini, C.; Luzzago, A.; Mori, F.; Lazzaro, D.; Ciliberto, G.; Nicosia, A.; Monica, N. L.; Vitelli, A. Journal of Oncology 2009, 2009, 1-10. Ballehaninna, U. K.; Chamberlain, R. S. Tumor Biology 2013, 34 (6), 3279-3292. Melo, S. A.; Luecke, L. B.; Kahlert, C.; Fernandez, A. F.; Gammon, S. T.; Kaye, J.; Lebleu, V. S.; Mittendorf, E. A.; Weitz, J.; Rahbari, N.; Reissfelder, C.; Pilarsky, C.; Fraga, M. F.; Piwnica-Worms, D.; Kalluri, R. Nature 2015, 523 (7559), 177-182. Roma-Rodrigues, C.; Raposo, L.; Cabral, R.; Paradinha, F.; Baptista, P.; Fernandes, A. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2017, 18 (1), 162. Kalra, H.; Adda, C. G.; Liem, M.; Ang, C.-S.; Mechler, A.; Simpson, R. J.; Hulett, M. D.; Mathivanan, S. Proteomics 2013, 13 (22), 3354-3364. Ballehaninna, U. K.; Chamberlain, R. S. Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology 2011, 2 (2), 88-100. Pancreatic Cancer https://www.cancer.org/cancer/pancreatic-cancer.html (accessed Mar 20, 2017). Eldorado by Edgar Allan Poe | Analysis Eldorado by Edgar Allan Poe | Analysis In the poem Eldorado, poet Edgar Allan Poe delivers a fundamental message that can be understood if carefully evaluated. Poe gives the account of a knight in search of a land called Eldorado, which holds riches and fortune. After much futile searching, the knights enthusiastic quest for treasure ends in death. The foremost theme of this poem is the desire for wealth and treasure. This theme is an influence from Poes life and the relevant Gold Rush of 1849 (Coad 60). The literary devices, symbols, relevancy, and personal experiences offer a deeper meaning to the poem than what lies on the surface. Poes skillful use of these elements helps to stress the ignorant desire humans have for wealth and fortune. The poem delivers a reflective moral issue many readers can, in some way or another, relate to. Poe uses the word shadow in each of the four stanzas of the poem, each stanza consisting of six lines. The third line in each stanza is where the use of the word shadow is introduced. Though the word occurs multiple times, it has a different meaning each time. The first shadow represents a literal shadow, a casting shadow of the sun. It could also be interpreted as happiness and sadness. The second shadow represents the shadow that has overcome the knights heart after much unsuccessful searching. The third shadow represents a live figure, possibly his or maybe an angel. And the fourth shadow figuratively refers to Valley of the Shadow (21). The fact the knight has grown old and weak, and must cross Over the Mountains Of the Moon, Down the Valley of the Shadow is seen as a symbol of the knights death, relating to the Biblical valley of death (19-21). Through Poes use of the word shadow and the period in which the poem was written, readers can understand Poes message. Poe uses the shadow in each stanza to convey his message. As the meaning of the shadow changes, so do readers emotional state. As he begins the first stanza, readers see a happy, gaily, bedighted knight who is enthusiastic about going on his search for gold. This start gives readers a sense of happiness and jolt of energy. His shadow could also be a foreshadowing of future events. However, Poe begins the second stanza with the word But. This contradictory word signals a shift between the first and second stanza and also a shift in emotion. The knight has become old, disheartened, and dismayed as the shadow is used in context to signal the emotional state of the knight. This signal causes readers to suddenly have a change in emotion; readers become sympathetic towards the knight. Poe continues to elaborate on the disappointment of the knight in stanza three. The knight encounters a live or possibly imaginative figure and asks the shadow where is Eldorado, reflecting on his hopeless jo urney in which he wasted his life. This figure could possibly be an angel providing guidance, an angel of death, or even himself. As the shadow replies to the question in stanza 4, readers are left with the idea that he has come to the end of his life and has died. With the closing of the poem, the audience can relate to the pain the knight feels. In all, the repetitive shadow becomes engraved in the readers mind, helping to sway the emotions. The life of the knight also provides a moral for people to learn. Poes moral in Eldorado is not to seek for riches on earth. The only true riches are the riches one receives after death. The knight in the poem seeks for physical riches for many years without any hope, leaving him disheartened and at the end of his life. When asked where Eldorado could be, the knight was told Down the Valley of the Shadow (21). This insinuation emphasizes the main point that true riches are found in Heaven, not earth, and any riches sought on earth leads to despair and death. As suggested by The Meaning of Poes Eldorado by the John Hopkins University Press, it can be argued Poe portrayed himself as the knight (Coad 60). Poe published his poem in 1849, the same year as his death. Like the knight, Poe had sought after an accomplished life, which he failed to do during his life. He was also unstable in the last years of his life. However, the knight most probably was a reference to the many prospectors of the California Gold Rush, which took place during the time the poem was written. The poem may have been Poes warning to the many prospectors that would experience the same hardships of the knight. Poes repetition of shadow and Eldorado and use of other symbols play an important part in his poem. It helps to further stress his main point. Other such devices Poe uses to communicate to his audience is through auditory and imagery senses. Poe uses aabccb rhyme scheme in the first three stanzas and xxabba rhyme scheme in the fourth stanza of his poem . Poes creatively written stressed and unstressed poem is one way Poe remarkably appeals to the readers auditory and imagery senses. The use of this rhyme scheme creates a thumpity, thump sound when read aloud, bringing the clattering of the horses trot to life. The symbols and rhyme scheme helps to immerse the reader into the scene of the poem and drives them to continue reading until the end. Eldorado is a poem by Edgar Allan Poe that has a stressed message to readers. It tells the story of a knight who traveled for a period of his life searching for a city of gold, Eldorado. It provides a message to all readers that true riches and happiness are only acquired through Heaven after death. If one attempts to search for wealth, in hopes happiness will follow, that person will come to the end of their life saddened and in despair. Poes use of symbols, rhyme scheme, and repetition brings life to his poem, which keeps the readers entertained and helps to convey his message. The poem brings light to the life of everyone and anyone searching for happiness and wealth on earth. Thus, Eldorado is Over the Mountains Of the Moon, Down the Valley of the Shadow, Ride, boldly ride . . . If you seek for Eldorado! (19-24).

About Australia Essay -- Australia Economy Population Culture Trade Es

About Australia Australia, island continent located southeast of Asia and forming, with the nearby island of Tasmania, the commenwealth of Australia, a self governing member of the Commenwealth of Nations. The commenwealth of Australia is made up of six states--News south Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, and Wester n Australia--and two territories--the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory. Australia, including Tasmania but excluding external territories, covers a land area of 7,682,300 sq. km, extending from Cape York (100 41' S) in the north some 3,680 km to Tasmania (430 39' S), and from Cape Byron (1530 39' E) in the east some 4,000 km west to Western Australia (1130 9' E). Basic Data Population (estimates), July 1995, 18,322,231, with the age structure under 15 (female 1,929,366; male 2,032,238), 15-64 (female 6,017,362; male 6,181,887), 65 and over(female 1,227,004; male 934,374). Population growth rate is estimated at 1.31% (1995 est.). Literacy rate age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.). English is the official language, with modern Australian English a conglomerate of British, American, and their own phraseology and spelling. Because Australia is one of the most multicultural nations in the world it is possible to find vibrant ethnic communities using almost every other world language.Australian school children have the highest rate of learning Asian languages, particularly Japanese and Chinese, of any industrialized western nation - in recognition of their future as a member of the Asia-Pacific region. Labor force is 8.63 million(september 1991) by occupation of finance and service 33.8%, public and community services 22.3%, wholesale and reatail trade 20.1%, manufacturing and industry 16.2%, agriculture 6.1%(1987). Political System Australia has a federal system of government, and a long history as a multiparty parliamentary democracy. There is no written Bill of Rights, but fundamental rights are ensured by law and respected in practice. The Commonwealth (federal) government and the six state governments operate under written constitutions that draw on the British tradition of a Cabinet Government, led by a Prime Minister, which is responsible to a majority in Parliament's lower house. The Federal Constitution, however, also contains some element... ...ing almost a quarter of total merchandise exports; Exports to the Asian region overall grew by almost seven per cent to $A41 billion; Elaborately Transformed Manufactures (ETMs) exports grew 14 per cent to almost $A14 billion - they now account for 20 per cent of all merchandise exports; Despite a five per cent fall in export earnings, coal remained Australia's largest commodity export; Exports of computers and office machinery, parts and accessories increased in aggregate by 30 per cent to almost $A1 billion - assembled computer exports grew by over 60 per cent during the year; The value of wool exports held steady during 1993-94 - a five per cent increase in volume was offset by lower average prices (although prices recovered during the second half of the year); There were significant falls in exports of both crude and refined petroleum oil; The growth in wine exports typifies the increasing diversity of Australia's export base - they have increased over the last decade at an annual trend rate of over 40 per cent; The latest Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Manufacturing Survey revealed that exporting manufacturers were performing significantly better

The Realm of Desire and Dream: Brazil and its Self-Constructing Middle Class of the 1980s, 1990s and Today :: Essays Papers

The Realm of Desire and Dream: Brazil and its Self-Constructing Middle Class of the 1980s, 1990s and Today The discourse of self-definition in Brazil is based on perceptions of economic success, material value and social prestige. Throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, there was a general scramble to reconstruct individual identity in social success and achievement. â€Å"Assertions of moral and cultural (class and racial) superiority† make up the discourses of national and regional identity, while simultaneously setting up the social building blocks of discrimination and stratification (25). Through the strange consumption of not only goods, but the commodification of experiences, the Brazilian middle class sought to redefine their lives and social status, and ultimately create a world that thrives on social division and prejudice. In Maureen O’Doughterty’s Consumption Intensified, â€Å"the dual vision† of the â€Å"immediate reality of crisis and the desired reality of the First World† is shown to have shaped middle class consciousness and desire, and further deepen the marks of division within this â€Å"heterogeneous† middle class (O’Doughterty 15, 5). â€Å"Transnational consumption, in the form of travel experiences, especially to Disney World, and consumption of imported goods† is a surprising social construction of value and rank, and expresses the influence of a foreign ideal on Brazilian social identity (23). Sustained comfortable living, and superiority over another class of people, was desperately appealing to many Brazilian families in the throes of the economic crisis, as demonstrated by the commodification of a Disney experience in the United States through bought and displayed goods, and the suggestion of expense that goes with it. The suggestion of expense and wealth throughout the crisis shaped the new concept of a Brazilian middle class â€Å"character,† a quality of living that could not be removed by an instable economy and loss of existing values. The presentation and propagation of this â€Å"character† was an extension of the old lush life prior to the crisis, and a dogged determination to hold to â€Å"traditional values.† Throughout the economic crisis, the middle class wanted to be perceived as continuing to enjoy â€Å"lush private space where elevated social status is proclaimed, cared for, and safeguarded† (O’Doughterty 9). Yet the â€Å"sense of past and hopes were contradicted by the experience of inflation crisis,† and a new social construction of reality emerged that was tangible in all its effects and efforts (O’Doughterty 9). The act of consuming goods itself is political, and â€Å"consumption is central to middle-class self-definition, not only in prosperity, as has more usually been shown but in any and all circumstances, even in recession† (O’Doughterty 11).

Cognitive Development of a 5 Year Old

Cognitive developmentChild: Luke Jackson Present/Observed (Oct. 24th, 2012)Observer: Bernique Pinder| Skill| Yes| Not Yet Able| Comments| Names a range of shapes| X| | Completed | Names a range of colours| X| | Completed | Sorts objects easily into alike groups| X| | Completed. Although some objects were classified with some assistance| Orders objects according to size| X| | Completed | Counts up to 20 objects, touching each one (rational counting)| X| | Completed | Retells events in sequence with detail| | X| Details are sketchy and only supplies information when prompted or questioned| Completes puzzles| X| | Completed with assistance|Listens to told story without props| X| | Answers questions when asked and is able to reason| Understands ordinal concepts of first, second, last etc. | X| | Was read the story of the hungry caterpillar and was able to give sequence of food the caterpillar ate in correct order. | Speech/language development | Skill| Completed| Not Yet Completed| Comme nts| Relays messages correctly| | X| During a game of â€Å"pass the message along’ he was unable to pass the correct message with repetition. | Can listen without interrupting| | X| No.Asks questions constantly| Asks about meaning of new words| X| | Relates to words he already knows| Uses adult like sentences| | | Language errors present| Can recite own name and personal details| X| | | Uses language in play activities| X| | | Recognises familiar symbols, simple words| X| | | Prints own first name| X| | | Rating Scale Rating Key 1= Poor or None. The indicator is seldom or never done by the child ( Not at all). 2=Attempted. 3= Moderately. It is not regular or frequent (sometimes) 4= Good. (most of the time) 5= Excellent.Does all the time or does the task well. Skill| Rating Scale| Can tell his physical address and home telephone number | 1 2 3 4 5| Identify or draw, name and describe many pictures. | 1 2 3 4 5| Identify and name many colours. | 1 2 3 4 5| Draw a person addin g much detail to the body. | 1 2 3 4 5| Count to at least 10-20| 1 2 3 4 5| Understand that events have a cause and effect reaction (e. g. if you drop a glass then it will break). 1 2 3 4 5| Make up rhyming words, mimic sounds or even create his own sounds. | 1 2 3 4 5| Speech is understandable to everyone. | 1 2 3 4 5| Uses simple reasoning| 1 2 3 4 5| Understands a whole object or concept| 1 2 3 4 5| Knows about things used every day in the home (money, food, appliances)| 1 2 3 4 5| Understands the concept of time| 1 2 3 4 5| Read simple books. | 1 2 3 4 5|Make up imaginative stories. | 1 2 3 4 5| Reads some words by sight, including own name. | 1 2 3 4 5| Knows alphabet and many letter sounds. | 1 2 3 4 5| Uses long complex sentences. | 1 2 3 4 5| Can recognize numbers regardless of arrangement in groups| 1 2 3 4 5| Tells stories about own experiences| 1 2 3 4 5| Piaget’s Theory: Concrete Operational Skills Experiment| Results| | Child A| Child B|Conservation of Numbers- I placed a row of small bubble gums in front of the child and asked him (both are male) to make another row the same as the first one. After asking the child to exist the room, I then spreaded out the row of gum and the child if there were still the same numbers of gums as there were before. (without counting them)| They were more gums than before. | There were more gums than before| Conservation of Length- Both children are shown two equal length straws aligned, then they are asked if they were the same length. After leaving the room one is moved to project beyond the other. Agreed that they are the same length firstly then on returning said that the protruding straw was longer stating â€Å"because I stretched it†| Agreed they were the same length at first then when he came back he said that â€Å"they were the same length because I moved it. †| Conservation of Liquid- Got two equal glasses and pour juice into each. Asked each child if It was equal. Then ask them to l eave the room and removed one of the glass and poured juice into a tall skinny glass and asked which had more? | Acknowledge that they were equal at first then suggested that the initial cup had more.When asked why? He was unable to say why just that the tall cup was smaller (implying the narrowness)| Acknowledged that they were equal at first then said that the taller cup had more juice. When asked why he stated that â€Å"the juice in the taller cup is higher than the other so that means it contains more†| Analysis of Data Developmental Checklist Based on observation and data collected from the child I observed, He is capable of completing tasks expected of a five year old. He is capable of understanding two or three simple commands given at once.He can sort objects by size, and by what sort of thing they are, e. g. animals, or by colour or shape. He successfully compared two weights to work out which is heavier. He was able to understand taller, smaller and shorter. He can copy his name. Draw a person with a head, body, legs and arms. Tell the difference between morning and afternoon. Luke is a great conversationalist and loves to talk about the details of all sorts of scientific and nature things. He speaks clearly on the whole, but still not using some sounds correctly, e. g. say ‘th’ for ‘s’ or ‘w’ for ‘r’.He asks ‘Why’, ‘When’, ‘How’ questions and ask what words mean. He is eager to tell long stories which to me are partly true and partly made up. He is interested in questions and argues and gives his own ideas about things. He knows a few nursery rhymes which he can say, repeat or sing. Similarly, to Luke’s physical development his cognitive develop is also maturing at what theorist would say is a normal rate. According to HDEV upon reaching the age of five a child should be rapidly expanding his vocabulary. It is evident that he is beginning to thi nk intuitively but still somewhat selfish.As mentioned before, currently, he is speaking in full sentences that vary in lengths and purposes. He enjoys watching television shows about super heroes and cars and planes and he spends large amounts of time, up to 15 minutes, telling me all about them. Luke’s cognitive development in the area of language has a lot to do with the fact he is inquisitive and seems to enjoy learning. According to Rathus Spencer and the developmental checklist of widely held expectations, a five year old should be able to count and should be drawn to letters and sounds.Luke demonstrates a love of reading and will often ask to go in the reading corner. Additionally, by playing games like Snakes and Ladders where he counted the required spaces indicating an understanding of numbers. After presenting him with a book with the cover ripped, he was excited to find the tape and he started to think of ways to fix the book. He suggested taping it, and was excit ed when that idea was welcomed and put to use. This not only demonstrated intuitive thought but helped Luke feel intelligent and begin to learn that it is perfectly okay and acceptable to ask for help when needed.Luke is developing cognitively a little more everyday and seems to be on his way to accomplishing all the key milestones. His language skills are growing each day and he is learning to try new things on his own with the idea that he can always ask for help. Rating Scale Analysis The rating of the scale The present five point scale extends from (1) where the child observed did not adhere to that aspect of the task or was unable to, to (5) where there is very high skill. Thus the scale assesses both adherence to the task and skill of the child.With the hardest tasks being speaking, listening and recall some sequence but his memory being very good otherwise. He is most skilled at recognition of numbers, and reasoning. Piaget’s Theory: Concrete Operational Skills Analysi s Results: Luke has failed at conservation methods across the board whereas child B has successfully achieved conservation of length but has also failed conservation of numbers and liquids. They cannot think of both dimensions at the same time and so trade off one over the other.They do not possess the ability to understand when the amount of something remains constant across two or more situations despite the appearance of that thing changing across those situations, as with the gum. Although the volume of liquid remains constant across the two containers, each container has a very different visual appearance, with one being tall and thin, while another was short and wide. Both children were unable to appreciate that the total amount of liquid was unchanged despite being poured into differently shaped containers.They were fooled by the appearance of the containers and tended to conclude that wider, shorter containers held less water and the taller, thinner containers held more than the wide. Also my subject was unable to realize that the straws were the same length subject B was able to see that the straw was moved but remained constant which is odd considering Piaget’s theory. Reflection As I reflect upon my experience, it is a valuable process in which all teachers should engage in order to improve their professional practice. Assumptions are made about kids and their abilities both for the teacher as well as the student.However, there is a lack of in-depth research on the learning processes of children. This analysis was very useful to illustrate and understand the process of how students learn as well as their abilities as they are experienced and I was able to note these and this can be used to support my upcoming professional development. Data was collected at three levels: reflection upon personal practice, pupils' learning and â€Å"official† professional development activities. Reading of the research literature was incorporated into th e observation process and this was very useful to my knowledge. At the beginning of the process, it was ifficult for me to engage with the child in a meaningful way; however, once the habit of observation became established, it was easy to interact with my subject. This interaction was life changing and it automatically leads to changes in my opinions and practices. Although it was neither easy nor straightforward, i found it engaging in the process of critical analysis and found it to be a valuable experience because it gave me a powerful sense of control over my professional learning and my professional life. Cognitive Development of Children Observation EDU 220 Bernique Pinder November 1st, 2012

The Characteristics of Hemingway’s Works

The Characteristics of Hemingway’s Works Ernest Hemingway, who was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1953 and the Nobel Prize of Literature in 1954, occupies an outstanding position in the American literature. He is regarded as one of the most influential writers of the twentieth century. Hemingway is famous for his distinct writing style and his â€Å"Code Hero. † In addition, his many great works are based on his experiences of war. Hemingway’s writing style is arguably the most distinctive characteristic of his works. The minimalist style is the core of Hemingway’s writing style. His writing style contrasts with William Faulkner’s meticulous writing style. Margaret Anne O'Connor and John Alberti described, â€Å"If Faulkner confuses readers because he offers so many details for readers to sift through in order to understand what's going on, Hemingway confuses by offering so few† (par. 8). Hemingway developed his simple writing style while he was a reporter for the Kansas City Star. The newspaper office supported Hemingway to learn â€Å"short sentences, short paragraphs, active verbs, authenticity, compression, clarity and immediacy. Hemingway said, â€Å"Those were the best rules I ever learned for the business of writing. I've never forgotten them† (The Hemingway Resource Center par. 1). Hemingway developed â€Å"simple, direct, and somewhat plain† style. He seldom used adverbs or adjectives in his prose writing style. He eschewed using â€Å"direct statements and descriptions of emotion† and â€Å"place and things. â₠¬  In addition, he wrote terse and clear dialogue (Cooper par. 4). If one of his sentences is compared with a sentence of William Faulkner, Hemingway’s distinct writing style can be recognized easily. In a novel A Farewell to Arms, Hemingway started the first paragraph as â€Å"In the late summer of that year we lived in a house in a village that looked across the river and the plain to the mountains† (3). In contrast with Hemingway’s minimalist writing style, in a short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† Faulkner described Miss Emily’s house as â€Å"It was a big, squarish frame house that had once been white, decorated with cupolas and . . . what had once been our most select street† (29). Hemingway’s minimalist writing style is connected with the â€Å"Iceberg Principle. † Even though, Hemingway used simple writing style, his works are not simple. He endeavored to pare down words and convey implied meanings in few words. According to the Hemingway’s â€Å"Iceberg Principal,† the omissions of special parts of a story intensify the story. To do so, a writer should leave out special parts of story in â€Å"conscious† and make a reader recognize the abbreviated parts of story. If the reader recognizes the abbreviated parts, the reader can notice and understand the story intensely (Timeless Hemingway par. 70). Will Carroll wrote that â€Å"Hemingway hid nothing from the reader, though the reader did have to work to find it† (par. 2). According to Jeffrey Hart, Hemingway described his â€Å"Iceberg Principle† as â€Å"If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water† (par. 25). Another characteristic of Hemingway’s writing style is hard-boiled style. Anders Hallengren explained that â€Å"hard-boiled meant to be unfeeling, callous, coldhearted, cynical, rough, obdurate, unemotional, without sentiment† (par. ). The hard-boiled style also has close connection with Hemingway’s simple writing style. Because of his concise writing style, Hemingway could hone hard-boiled style spontaneously. Because Hemingway did not provide character’s detail thought and emotion, he described violence, cruelty, and death, whic h are discussed much in his works, unsentimentally. That is the core of the hard-boiled style. The last sentence of Hemingway’s novel A Farewell to Arms is a precise example of the â€Å"Ice Principle† and hard-boiled style. At the end of the story, Frederic Henry loses his lover Catherine Barkley during childbirth. Hemingway did not portray Frederic Henry’s sadness lengthily. Hemingway described, â€Å"After a while I went out and left the hospital and walked back to the hotel in the rain† (332). Even though, Hemingway omitted the description of Frederic’s emotion and depicted Frederic’s action unfeelingly, that sentence conveys the sadness and nothingness of Frederic intensely. Therefore, the â€Å"Iceberg Principle† and hard-boiled style helped readers grasp â€Å"a greater perception and understanding† (Timeless Hemingway par. 70). Hemingway’s characters have some features which are called the â€Å"Hemingway Code Hero. Philip Young coined a term the â€Å"Hemingway Code Hero. † He described the â€Å"Hemingway Code Hero† as whom â€Å"offers up and exemplifies certain principles of honor, courage, and endurance which in a life of tension and pain make a man a man† (Timeless Hemingway par. 19). According to the Melvin C. Miles, â€Å"Hemingway Code Hero† confronts the tragic condition with â€Å"dignity†. Although he or she is destroyed, the important thing is how he or she faces the tragic condition. He or she confronts the â€Å"destruction and death† with the â€Å"grace under pressure† (par. 15). In addition, according to the Paul Totah, Hemingway defined the â€Å"Hemingway Code Hero† as â€Å"a man who lives correctly, following the ideals of honor, courage and endurance in a world that is sometimes chaotic, often stressful, and always painful† (par. 1). Frederick Henry of A Farewell to Arms, Jake Barnes of The Sun Also Rises, and Robert Jordan of For Whom the Bell Tolls are examples of the â€Å"Hemingway Code Hero. † They â€Å"are young men whose strength and self-confidence nevertheless coexist with a sensitivity that leaves them deeply scarred by their wartime experiences† (Encyclopedia Britannica par. 12). In addition, Santiago of the novella The Old Man and the Sea is one of the finest examples of the â€Å"Hemingway Code Hero. † According to Clinton S, Santiago shows â€Å"heroic proportions. † He struggles with the giant marlin with courage, honor, and â€Å"endurance. † When sharks attack the marlin, which Santiago killed with his harpoon, he confronts hardship. In that hardship, he decides â€Å"to fight them until I die† (31). Santiago’s saying touches the core of the â€Å"Hemingway Code Hero. † Santiago says, â€Å"A man can be destroyed but not defeated† (Hemingway 103). Hemingway considered â€Å"authenticity in writing† very importantly. Hemingway thought that to write â€Å"honestly,† a writer should have firsthand experience or observation of the topic. If the writer does not have direct touch of the topic, the reader would recognize the writer’s short of the knowledge about the topic. In addition, he thought that when a writer discusses the well-known topic, he or she can get rid of the â€Å"superfluous detail without sacrificing the voice of authority† (MSN Encarta par. 9). According to the Carlos Baker, Hemingway said, â€Å"A writer’s job is to tell the truth. † In addition, Hemingway often commented that â€Å"I only know what I have seen† (85). Hemingway experienced major wars of early 20th century; his experiences from war became foundations of his great works. Thomas Putnam described that â€Å"No American writer is more associated with writing about war in the early 20th century than Ernest Hemingway. He experienced it firsthand, wrote dispatches from innumerable frontlines, and used war as a backdrop for many of his most memorable works† (par. 4). According to Elizabeth Meehan, Hemingway volunteered to be American Red Cross’s ambulance driver and was dispatched to Italy during the World War I. When he visited the Italian infantry trench, he was wounded by Austrian mortar fire. However he tried to rescue another wounded Italian soldier; he was shoot in his right leg by a machine gun (38). According to the Scott Donaldson, Philip Young insisted that â€Å"Hemingway's near fatal injury on the Italian front was a traumatic event that lay at the source of most of Hemingway's writing. † That is called â€Å"Wound Theory. † According to the â€Å"Wound Theory,† because of the trauma which Hemingway underwent in the Italian infantry trench, Hemingway â€Å"frequently† described the â€Å"confrontation with death and danger† in his works (par. 22). Hemingway’s experiences from World War I influenced his novel A Farewell to Arms. According to Elizabeth Meehan, Hemingway fell in love with Agnes Von Kurowsky who was an American nurse while Hemingway recuperated in a Milan Hospital. However, after Hemingway came back to America, she broke up their relationship via a mail (38). Among the experiences of World War I, the romance with Agnes Von Kurowsky and the injury from the Italian infantry trench became the important bases of the great novel. In A Farewell to Arms, a protagonist, Frederic Henry is an American lieutenant of Italian army medical corps. Frederic meets an English nurse Catherine Barkley whose model is Agnes Von Kurowsky. After he is wounded by mortar fire on the Italian front, he is sent to a Milan hospital. In the Milan hospital, they develop their relationship. Along with the romance, Hemingway discussed the loss of human value, disillusionment, and brutality of war in A Farewell to Arms. According to Thomas Putnam, Tobias Wolff said, â€Å"Hemingway’s great war work deals with aftermath. It deals with what happens to the soul in war and how people deal with that afterward† (par. 13). The â€Å"Lost Generation† represents the loss of morality and aimlessness of the aftermath of the World War I. The term â€Å"Lost Generation† was coined by Gertrude Stein. Gertrude Stein said, â€Å"You are all a lost generation† (Hemingway preface). Hemingway used her phrase in the preface of his novel The Sun Also Rises. Thomas Putnam described â€Å"Many regard the novel [The Sun Also Rises] as Hemingway's portrait of a generation that has lost its way, restlessly seeking meaning in a postwar world† (par. 25). Jake Barnes, a protagonist of The Sun Also Rises is an example of the â€Å"Lost Generation. † He is wounded during World War I and become impotent. Even though he loves Brett Ashley, his sexual pursuit can’t be satisfied with Brett. Barnes is a man who loses the traditional notions of morality and justice and wanders aimlessly through Paris and Spain. Hemingway had loved Spain during his lifetime. When the Spanish Civil War began, Hemingway visited Spain as a correspondent and supported the Republicans. He made a documentary film, The Spanish Earth and raised money for the Republicans. His experiences during the Spanish Civil War became the base of his novel For Whom the Bell Tolls (Special Collections par. 1). Hemingway discussed the human value, love, loss of innocence, loss of liberty, death, and brutality of war in that novel. Ernest Hemingway has distinct characteristics on his work; unique writing style, â€Å"Hemingway Code Hero,† and works which based on his experiences on war. As one of the most dominant American writers, the characteristics of his works have had a lot of influences on American life. According to the James Nagel, Hemingway’s simple writing style has given important effects to American literature. Especially, his style caused â€Å"the minimalist movement in American fiction. † Besides American fiction, Hemingway’s style has permeated on the American life. America reads newspapers and magazines which are influenced by Hemingway’s prose style and listens to the news which mirrors â€Å"Hemingway’s sparse style† (par. 6-8). In addition, according to the Foster Hirsch, Hemingway’s hard-boiled style has an important effect on the â€Å"tough crime writers† (par. 1). Hemingway’s great works which are based on his experiences of war are famed all over the world; his works announced the brutality of war. In addition, Hemingway reflected the aimless of the generation who survived the World War I. However, he did not continue to reflect the aftermath. Hemingway Code Hero† shows how to confront hardship with dignity to the people who have lost their notions of morality and justice. Works Cited † Ernest Hemingway. † Encyclop? dia Britannica. 2007. Encyclop? dia Britannica Online. 12 Oct. 2007 . â€Å"Ernest Hemingway. † Microsoft ® Encarta ® Online Encyclopedia. 2007. Microsof t Corporation. 1 Nov. 2007 . â€Å"Ernest Hemingway Biography-World War I. † The Hemingway Resource Center. 2007. The Hemingway Resource Center. 26 Oct. 2007 < http://www. lostgeneration. com/ ww1. htm>. â€Å"Ernest Hemingway FAQ. † Timeless Hemingway. 2007. Timeless Hemingway. 27 Nov 2007 < http://www. imelesshemingway. com/faq. shtml>. â€Å"Ernest Hemingway In His Time-The Spanish Civil War. † Special Collections. 2003. University of Delaware. 29 Nov. 2007 < http://www. lib. udel. edu/ud/spec/ exhibits/hemngway/spanish. htm>. Baker, Carlos. â€Å"The Way It Was. † Ernest Hemingway: Bloom’s Critical Views. Ed. Bloom. Harold. New York: Chelsea House, 1985. 85-106. Carroll, Will. â€Å"Ernest Hemingway. † American Literature Web Resources. 2001. Millikin University. 27 Nov. 2007 < http://www. millikin. edu/aci/crow/chronology/ hemingwaybio. html>. Clinton S, Burhans. Jr.. â€Å"On Santiago as A Tragic Hero. Ernest Hemingway’s The Ol d Man and the Sea. Ed. Bloom. Harold. PA: Chelsea House Publishers, 1996. 30-32. Cooper, Michael. â€Å"The Writing Style of Hemingway. † Ezine Articles. 2005. Ezine Articles. 21 Nov. 2007 < http://ezinearticles. com/? The-Writing-Style-of-Hemingway&id=70613>. Donaldson, Scott. â€Å"Ernest Hemingway. † SimonSays. com. 1998. Simon & Schuster, INC. 29 Nov. 2007 < http://www. simonsays. com/content/book. cfm? sid=33&pid= 359029>. Faulkner, William. â€Å"A Rose for Emily. † Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. Ed. X. J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. 10th ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2007. 9-34. Hallengren, Anders. â€Å"A Case of Identity: Ernest Hemingway. † Nobelprize. org. 2001. Nobel Foundation. 2 Nov. 2007 < http://nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/literature/ articles/hallengren/index. html>. Hart, Jeffrey. â€Å"Fitzgerald and Hemingway; Modernism Goes Mainstream. † The Dartmouth Review. 2006. The Dartmouth Review. 27 Nov . 2007 < http:// dartreview. com/archives/2006/11/28/fitzgerald_and_hemingway_modernism_goes_mainstream. php>. Hemingway, Ernest. A Farewell to Arms. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1969. Hemingway, Ernest. The Old Man and the Sea. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1986. Hemingway, Ernest. The Sun Also Rises. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1970. Hirsch, Foster. â€Å"Ernest Hemingway. † The Film Noir ’net. 2007. The Film Noir ’net. 2 Nov. 2007 < http://bernardschopen. tripod. com/hemingway. html>. Meehan, Elizabeth. â€Å"Ernest Hemingway: The Solitary Hero. † Twentieth-Century American Writers. CA: Lucent Books, 2000. 36-43. Miles, Melvin C. â€Å"An Introductory Overview. † The Lunatic Fringe. 2007. El Camino College. 28 Nov. 2007 < http://www. elcamino. edu/Faculty/sdonnell/hemingway. htm>. Nagel, James. â€Å"Ernest Hemingway: A Centennial Assessment. † CNN. com 1999. CNN. 12 Oct. 2007